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Doelstelling: Het doel van de studie was om een algemene literatuurstudie over cyberpesten te presenteren en na te gaan in welke mate er al onderzoek gevoerd is naar de linguïstische realisatie van cyberpesten. Door gebruik te maken van een zelfaangelegd corpus met cyberpestberichten, werd er nagegaan hoe deze verwoord worden en of deze resultaten ons een aanwijzing kunnen geven voor automatische detectie. Middelen of methode: Voor deze studie werd er een corpus van cyberpestberichten verzameld via de sociale netwerksite Facebook, namelijk via de wedstrijd "Mooiste Tiener van België". In totaal werden er 1.278 posts verzameld, waarvan 710 posts als flames werden beschouwd. Op basis van Spertus (1997), Wiebe et al. (2001) en Razavi et al. (2010), werd er een annotatiesysteem ontwikkeld dat naging hoe flames verwoord worden. De volgende categorieën werden geannoteerd: negatieve werkwoorden, negatieve zegswijzen, negatieve adjectieven, negatieve zelfstandige naamwoorden, negatieve tussenwerpsels en negatieve zinsmodificeerders (gebaseerd op Spertus). Achteraf werden de gazetteers van flames getest op onze data set om na te gaan hoeveel flames zo kunnen worden gedetecteerd. Verder werden alle flames ingedeeld volgens de types die beschreven werden door Razavi et al. en onderzochten we of sarcastische opmerkingen eindigen met een emoticon of meerdere leestekens zoals ‘? en ‘!'. Resultaten: Uit deze studie blijkt dat pestberichten op sociale netwerksites vaak bestaan uit negatieve zelfstandige naamwoorden en negatieve adjectieven. Er werd voornamelijk verwezen naar fysieke eigenschappen en er werd ook geprobeerd het slachtoffer belachelijk te maken. We kunnen stellen dat gazetteers van die woordcategorieën ons kunnen helpen bij het automatisch detecteren van flames. Ongeveer 14% van alle hits bevatten spellingsfouten, waardoor we kunnen stellen dat we bij het automatisch detecteren aandacht moeten hebben voor spellingscorrectie.

Corpusgebaseerd onderzoek. --- Cyberbullying. --- Cyberpesten. --- Facebook. --- Flames. --- Gazetteer. --- Sociale netwerksites.

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Indians of North America --- Gazetteer. --- American aborigines --- American Indians --- First Nations (North America) --- Indians of the United States --- Indigenous peoples --- Native Americans --- North American Indians --- Culture --- Ethnology --- Indian Territory --- Oklahoma --- Sequoyah --- Sequoyah (Proposed state)

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Misericord carvings present a fascinating corpus of medieval art which, in turn, complements our knowledge of life and belief in the late middle ages. Subjects range from the sacred to the profane and from the fantastic to the everyday, seemingly giving equal weight to the scatological and the spiritual alike. Focusing specifically on England - though with cognisance of broader European contexts -this volume offers an analysis of misericords in relation to other cultural artefacts of the period. Through a series of themed "case studies", the book places misericords firmly within the doctrinal and devotional milieu in which they were created and sited, arguing that even the apparently coarse images to be found beneath choir stalls are intimately linked to the devotional life of the medieval English Church. The analysis is complemented by a gazetteer of the most notable instances.

Dr Paul Hardwick is Professor in English, Leeds Trinity University College.

Misericords --- Wood-carving, Medieval --- Benchends --- Church architecture --- Christian art and symbolism --- Art, Christian --- Art, Ecclesiastical --- Arts in the church --- Christian symbolism --- Ecclesiastical art --- Symbolism and Christian art --- Religious art --- Symbolism --- Symbolism in art --- Church decoration and ornament --- Architecture --- Bench ends --- Benches --- Mercy seats (Seating) --- Choir stalls --- Details. --- Details --- England. --- English Medieval. --- European contexts. --- Misericords. --- belief. --- church stalls. --- church. --- devotional life. --- devotional milieu. --- doctrinal. --- everyday. --- fantastic. --- gazetteer. --- late middle ages. --- life. --- medieval art. --- motifs. --- notable instances. --- profane. --- religious context. --- sacred. --- scatological. --- spiritual. --- themes.

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The northern Chinese mountain range of Mount Wutai has been a preeminent site of international pilgrimage for over a millennium. Home to more than one hundred temples, the entire range is considered a Buddhist paradise on earth, and has received visitors ranging from emperors to monastic and lay devotees. Mount Wutai explores how Qing Buddhist rulers and clerics from Inner Asia, including Manchus, Tibetans, and Mongols, reimagined the mountain as their own during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.Wen-Shing Chou examines a wealth of original source materials in multiple languages and media--many never before published or translated-such as temple replicas, pilgrimage guides, hagiographic representations, and panoramic maps. She shows how literary, artistic, and architectural depictions of the mountain permanently transformed the site's religious landscape and redefined Inner Asia's relations with China. Chou addresses the pivotal but previously unacknowledged history of artistic and intellectual exchange between the varying religious, linguistic, and cultural traditions of the region. The reimagining of Mount Wutai was a fluid endeavor that proved central to the cosmopolitanism of the Qing Empire, and the mountain range became a unique site of shared diplomacy, trade, and religious devotion between different constituents, as well as a spiritual bridge between China and Tibet.A compelling exploration of the changing meaning and significance of one of the world's great religious sites, Mount Wutai offers an important new framework for understanding Buddhist sacred geography.

Buddhism and culture. --- Cultural landscapes --- Buddhist temples --- Wutai Mountains (China) --- Symbolic representation. --- Amdo. --- Apparitions (TV series). --- Beijing. --- Bhikkhu. --- Bodhisattva. --- Buddhism. --- Buddhist art. --- Buddhist cosmology. --- Buddhist pilgrimage. --- Buddhist symbolism. --- Buddhist temple. --- Buddhist texts. --- Chakravartin. --- Chan Buddhism. --- Chengde. --- Chengdu. --- China proper. --- China. --- Chinese Buddhism. --- Chinese language. --- Chinese literature. --- Cloister. --- Confucianism. --- Cosmography. --- Dalai Lama. --- Deity. --- Dunhuang. --- Ethnological Museum of Berlin. --- Evocation. --- Gazetteer. --- Guanyin. --- Gyatso. --- Hagiography. --- Iconography. --- Illustration. --- Imperial Preceptor. --- Incarnation (Christianity). --- Incarnation. --- Inner Asia. --- Inner Mongolia. --- Jokhang. --- Kangyur. --- Khenpo Sodargye. --- Khenpo. --- Kumbum. --- Larung Gar. --- Lhasa. --- Literature. --- Mahayana. --- Missionary. --- Mogao Caves. --- Monastery. --- Mongols. --- Mount Wutai. --- Mountain range. --- Narrative. --- National Palace Museum. --- Northern Wei. --- Nyingma. --- Pecha. --- Potala Palace. --- Printing. --- Publication. --- Qianlong Emperor. --- Qing dynasty. --- Qingliang Shan. --- Reincarnation. --- Religion. --- Religious identity. --- Religious text. --- Rubin Museum of Art. --- Sacred mountains. --- Sakya. --- Samye. --- Sanskrit. --- Scholasticism. --- Sect. --- Sentient beings (Buddhism). --- Shambhala. --- Shanxi. --- Shrine. --- Sichuan. --- Stele. --- Stupa. --- Sudhana. --- Sutra. --- Tantra. --- Taoism. --- Thangka. --- The Buddhist (TV channel). --- Tibetan Buddhism. --- Tibetan people. --- Transliteration. --- Vajra. --- Veneration. --- Vihara. --- Vimalamitra. --- Vulture Peak. --- Woodblock printing. --- Writing.

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In a lucid history of what used to be termed "the Dark Ages," Judith Herrin outlines the origins of Europe from the end of late antiquity to the coronation of Charlemagne. She shows that the clash between nascent Islam and stubburn Byzantium was the central contest that allowed "Europe" to develop, and she thereby places the rise of the West in its true Mediterranean context. Her inquiry centers on the notion of "Christendom." Instead of taking medieval beliefs for granted or separating theology from politics, she treats the faith as a material force. In a path-breaking account of the arguments over Christian doctrine, she shows how the northern sphere of the Roman world divided into two distinct and self-conscious imperial units, as the Arabs swept through the southern regions.One of the most interesting strands of the author's argument concerns religious art and iconoclasm. Her book shows how the impact of Islam's Judaic ban on graven images precipitated both the iconoclast crisis in Constantinople and the West's unique commitment to pictorial narrative, as justified by Pope Gregory the Great.

Church history --- 30-1500 --- Mediterranean Region. --- Mediterranean Region --- Church history. --- Abbasid Revolution. --- Adoption. --- Al-Andalus. --- Alexandrian school. --- Anno Domini. --- Apostolic succession. --- Arabs. --- Austrasia. --- Autun. --- Bible. --- Biblical authority. --- Byzantine Empire. --- Byzantium (color). --- Byzantium. --- Caesarius of Arles. --- Caliphate. --- Cassiodorus. --- Charlemagne. --- Charles Martel. --- Christendom. --- Christian culture. --- Christian monasticism. --- Christian worship. --- Christian. --- Christianity and Islam. --- Christianity. --- Christianization. --- Chronology of the Bible. --- Church discipline. --- Clergy. --- Constans II. --- Constantinople. --- Diocletian. --- Duchy of Rome. --- Duke of Aquitaine. --- Early Christian art and architecture. --- Ecclesiastical History of the English People. --- Ecclesiology. --- Ecumenical council. --- Episcopal see. --- Feudalism. --- Gazetteer. --- Hadith. --- Harun al-Rashid. --- Henri Pirenne. --- Holy Roman Empire. --- Iconoclasm. --- Imperialism. --- Islam. --- Jihad. --- Judeo-Christian. --- Late Antiquity. --- Latin Church. --- Middle Ages. --- Missionary. --- Mithraism. --- Monemvasia. --- Monotheism. --- Muslim. --- Nativity of Jesus. --- Neustria. --- New Israel. --- New Testament. --- New religious movement. --- Old Testament. --- Orosius. --- Patriarchate. --- Pentarchy. --- Pontiff. --- Pope Gregory I. --- Pope John I. --- Pope Leo III. --- Pope Stephen II. --- Pope. --- Preface (liturgy). --- Profession of faith (Catholic Church). --- Proscription. --- Quran. --- Religion. --- Saint Boniface. --- Septimania. --- Shahada. --- Spirituality. --- Spread of Christianity. --- Spread of Islam. --- Summa Theologica. --- Synod. --- Systematic theology. --- Tegernsee. --- Tervel (town). --- The Creation of Adam. --- The Rise of the West. --- Theology. --- Tithe. --- Umayyad Caliphate. --- Visigoths. --- Western Christianity. --- Western thought. --- Worship. --- Zoroastrianism.